The Bond Market Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Bond Market - Research Paper Example Then again, corporate obligation alludes to the property claimed by a business, which can fill in as a pay trouble safeguard to a particular class of partners. This paper expects to plot the issues that encompass security showcase in the current market. The U.S. Central bank (â€Å"the Fed†) assumes a continuously dynamic job in the presentation of the economy and monetary markets with its various instruments. How does Federal Reserve strategy influence the security advertise? Basically, the Federal Reserve assumes a key job in giving a money related atmosphere, which is proposed in advancing monetary security and at the same time keeping up steady financial development. The Federal Reserve endeavors to keep up the pinnacles and troughs at least levels. It is impertive3 to take note of that the Federal Reserve achieves their job through control of two loan fee levels (Brett, 17). They incorporate the Federal Funds rates and the Discount Rate. The Federal Funds rate alludes to the rates banks charge each other to get saves for the time being while alludes to rate the Federal charges for bank hold obtaining. It is noteworthy that, changes in the two rates directly affect the security showcase, yield levels. It is basic to take note of that, the corporate securities consistently yield more than the administration securities. This is to represent the hazard. The Federal Reserve assumes a key job in impacting the security showcase by controlling the costs and paces of bonds. This upgrades controlling of the swellings rates. For example, financial specialists who purchase bonds with a development period longer than a few years back have expanded hazard revelation to the degree of swelling and its whittling down of prospect income esteems (Brett, 15). Notwithstanding, the Federal Reserve directs this circumstance by focusing fair and square of swelling since expansion desires have greater stun on the echelon of loan fees for delayed development securities than shorter result subsequently, guideline of the security showcase. For the instance of securities with long development number of years, the Federal Reserve tries to direct expansion rates. This is on the grounds that, the degrees of expansion legitimately influences the swelling of desires thus expanded degree of loan fees for longer development bonds than shorter development bonds (Brett, 16). Essentially, the Federal Reserve legitimately controls the shorter development yield levels. The impact brought about by the Federal Reserve on the loan costs subsequently, critical change is shown in the degrees of yields. The yield bend typically speaks to the yield advertise levels. Progressively finished, Brett attests that, the current positively trending market in securities will possibly end if swelling rates rise. This suggests, the current financial status is lazy and it is described by joblessness and high pace of expansion. Reference index Brett Arends. Securities Heading from Bull Market to Bubble. The Journal of The Wall Street. 15.9 (2012): 15-19. Print. What happens to loan fees as bond costs rise? The security markets are very dynamic. The financing costs are continually changing because of various variables, which remember changes for request and flexibly of credit, showcase brain research, monetary conditions, monetary approach, Federal Reserve strategy and trade rates. It is critical to take note of that, as loan costs change, a resulting change in estimations of all securities in the commercial center is normal. For example, when, financing costs increment bonds with longer development periods are gigantically influenced contrasted and those

Importance of Roleplay in Teaching English free essay sample

Non-scripted ones are when understudies are given a job each and must utilize whatever information they have so as to talk with that accomplice. The following is a rundown of thoughts for a general English class. This can be adjusted to suit a circumstance. Attempt These Fresh Role Play Activities With Your Class 1 Telephone Conversation Speaking on the telephone is diverse to a vis-à-vis discussion since one depends entirely on language to impart. Get the understudies who are rehearsing to sit consecutive with the end goal for this to work appropriately. There is an entire scope of thoughts which one can use to act this out. Models include: calling to submit a question, addressing a companion or inquisitive about a vocation position. 2 Going to the Shop An extraordinary one for more youthful students as it will show them the essentials of interfacing with individuals. Kids by and large depend on their folks to purchase things for them, in this way this will support their general trust in purchasing. We will compose a custom exposition test on Significance of Roleplay in Teaching English or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It tends to be as straightforward or as perplexing as one wishes, contingent upon the circumstance. Key expressions are frequently significant here, for example, â€Å"I would like†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"How much are†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Good morning†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , etc. 3 Booking a Hotel This will permit understudies to rehearse a particular kind of language. Normally this will be formal language as it is a business discussion. This should likewise be possible in the organization of a phone discussion, or it could be somebody moving toward a book. There is a wide scope of chance here for the understudies to learn new types of jargon. 4 Sharing Opinions Choose a subject that everybody seems, by all accounts, to be keen on. Get the understudies to match up and give them a rundown of inquiries to follow (for instance, see our ‘130 Topics for Discussion (in excess of 2000 inquiries) For Any Level’). This will permit them to think of their own expressions and use language in a substantially more handy manner. Prospective employee meeting Work is normally a decent subject in the first place when educating grown-ups. Many are learning English so as to improve their profession possibilities. Therefore, a prospective employee meet-up pretend is a magnificent method to get the class discovering that extremely significant material. Once more, this can be scripted or non-scripted. A smart thought is have the questioner have a rundown of set inquiries, and the understudies can take it from that point. 6 Getting Everyone to Speak A conventional technique is to request that the class pair off. Obviously, one can't screen each understudy especially if the class is very enormous. Hence, it is essential to ensure everybody is talking and taking advantage of the language they know. On the off chance that one has time, have every individual gathering come up to the highest point of the class and talk before every other person. This will permit individuals to utilize their language all the more innovatively. 7 Argument Between Neighbors Again, this is another open door for learning various kinds of jargon. This could be between two neighbors who are having a contention. Maybe one plays music too boisterously in the center of the night and is upsetting the remainder of the condo square. This can be as preposterous or strange as the students’ need, as long as they are communicating in and utilizing the language effectively. A portion of the circumstances brainstormed can be very entertaining. See some recommended circumstances here: â€Å"Neighbour Problems Role Play†. 8 Body Language Body language is similarly as significant as communicated in language, so in their pretends attempt and let the understudies get into the job. Obviously, one doesn't need to be a specialist at acting yet it is significant for them to get a vibe of the progression of the discussion. Utilizing non-verbal communication viably will permit them to turn into significantly more on top of the language they are utilizing. Discussion Debates are a splendid method of empowering language use. This is on the grounds that they can turn out to be fairly warmed, and numerous new words can come up. It is critical to pick a theme which probably won't be excessively dubious to certain unders tudies. Make sure to be touchy to their age gathering and the general mentality of the specific nation. Gap the class into different sides and give them each a side of a contention to guard. 10 Have Fun When it comes to pretends, it is about the imaginative utilization of language. The understudy must scrutinize what they know. This doesn’t mean they need to drill down a drilling exchange. Permit them to be as innovative as could reasonably be expected. Put them into testing circumstances, and this will permit them to consider better approaches for talking. Pretends can fill in as an extraordinary ice breaker for the start of the class. Continuously make sure to be touchy to a specific issues at that point, notwithstanding, and be careful about the students’ age. Typically, any semblance of documenting an objection won't generally bear some significance with youngsters. When the understudies are having a great time and communicating in English, there are no restrictions to their own learning!

How to Write a Sociology Research Paper

How to Write a Sociology Research PaperIf you have plans of going for the graduate school in sociology, there are several things that you should consider when it comes to how to write a sociology research paper. There are a number of requirements that go with a bachelor's degree, such as taking certain tests and exams, writing a thesis statement, and participating in some research and teaching assignments. These requirements help a person get ready for the different demands that a graduate school in sociology will have to deal with.Aside from all the requirements, there are also the good way and the bad way of approaching a sociology graduate school in order to prepare for the different requirements. The good way is the way of being prepared and the right attitude that would make you able to pass any test or exam that you will have to take. While these requirements are not the easiest in the world, they are rather standard, which is why the good way of preparing for them is by making sure that you have the right mindset about it.One of the best ways to approach a sociology graduate school in sociology is to learn about what is required of you, in terms of completing the different requirements in writing a sociology research paper. Learning about what these requirements are, will make you understand how to write a sociology research paper and what all you need to do. You can ask your friends for suggestions on how to approach a graduate school in sociology and how to write a sociology research paper because they can give you some tips and information on how to prepare for it.The next thing that you should do is to know that the other requirements that you need to fulfill include writing a thesis statement, participating in research and teaching assignments, and answering questions about your performance in class and your work. This knowledge about how to write a sociology research paper will make you familiar about all the different requirements that you will be facing. This will help you avoid problems that you might encounter because of these requirements when it comes to the different requirements that you have to fulfill. Another thing that you need to know about how to write a sociology research paper is that the format of the research paper must be well thought out and planned. This is important because if you would rush to write it, you will end up throwing it. The format of the research paper is the most important thing, because if you do not follow the format, you cannot be considered to be writing a good sociology research paper.Also, it is important that you make good ideas, if you would want to know how to write a sociology research paper, but make sure that the idea is yours and not someone else's. This is because no one else can give you the ideas that you want to give. You have to come up with them yourself, which is the most important part of how to write a sociology research paper.Make sure that the topic of the paper is o f your choice. Research is important in this kind of paper, so you should make sure that you know how to go about researching the topic properly. This will help you be able to know how to write a sociology research paper in a good way, which is why knowing how to research the topic is a crucial thing that you need to know.Finally, when it comes to how to write a sociology research paper, you also need to know how to arrange the facts and figures in a way that you can easily understand them. Again, this is an important thing that you should do so that you can be able to give your idea a good analysis and interpretation. By doing this, you will be able to properly write a sociological research paper in a good way.

Differences Between Gods And Generals And Gettysburg

There are a lot of differences between Gods and Generals and Gettysburg even though these movies are to coincide with each other. Each film was funded by Ted Turner and though Gods and Generals was produced after Gettysburg the film is meant to be watched before Gettysburg as to follow in Chronological order. These films slowly start to be less funded as Ted Turner ran out of money to produce them, there was supposed to be a third film in the set but unfortunately he ran out of money before being able to produce it. Each film depicts different battles throughout the Civil War, most of the same main actors were used in both films, this allowed for continuity. One of the main differences between these films is that they are not based on the same battles therefore there is obvious discrepancies. One of the other differences is that while Gods and Generals focus on several battles over a two year span Gettysburg focuses on one battles over the course of a few days- a month. This allows for another main difference to rear its head, the difference of how in-depth each movie is about the battle(s). This becomes an issue in the films because although Gettysburg is only about the battle at Gettysburg and the preceding few days it is quite a bit longer. This combined with the multitude of battles shown in each film allows Gettysburg to go more in-depth with conversation and character development. To give a brief overview of each film, I will start with Gods and Generals. GodsShow MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Civil War Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the years 1861 to 1865 the American Civil War took place and it is known as Americas bloodiest war. The cause of the Civil war was the debate between free states and slave states over the government trying to prohibit slavery. In 1860 Abraham Lincoln became president of the United States and ran on the platform to keep slavery out of the new unclaimed territories of the United States. Once Lincoln became president seven southern states seceded from the Union ultimately creating the ConfederateRead MoreThe Civil War: Bloodiest War in American History Essay782 Words   |  4 Pagesweaker than the friendship these men two held for a majority of their lives. Holding a friendship through a major disagreement is difficult, but these men were able to maintain their strong-willed friendship through more than just their indiv idual differences, but maintained their friendship through the war that was destined to tear them apart. Lewis Armistead, Winfield Hancock, and his wife Almira Hancock met in 1844 when they began to grow their strong friendship that would last 17 years before theRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg By Bruce Caton1453 Words   |  6 Pages The Battle of Gettysburg took place on July 1st-3rd, 1863 (Gettysburg: heading). The battle occurred in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania which is located in Adams County. Gettysburg is located in a very rocky area and has a lot of hills. It is a market town and its population is made up of mostly farmers (The Battle of Gettysburg 1863: Page 5: Paragraph 2: Line 1). This battle was part of the civil war and is known as the turning point of this war. Gettysburg is also known as oneRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg : Why Was It A Turning Point?1272 Words   |  6 PagesThe Battle of Gettysburg: Why Was It a Turning Point? War is truly like hell. There is no doubt that any war is an evil one. It is the greatest catastrophe that can befall human beings. It brings death and destruction, merciless slaughter and butchery, disease, starvation and poverty in its wake. Though war brings all kinds of trouble, sometimes it can save a country. In 1861 a Civil War broke out in America. It started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave states overRead MoreEssay on Gettysburg1406 Words   |  6 PagesGettysburg was the turning point in the American Civil War. Back in the days before animation. More importantly Gettysburg was the climatic clash between the two major American cultures of their time: the North and the South. A climax of a conflict between two cultures with such vastly different ideals that they could not coexist in one nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. When looking at the causes of the Civil War, and eventually the Battle of Gettysburg, oneRead MoreAnalysis of The Gettysburg Address Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesof The Gettysburg Address In the early days of the United States, loyalty to one’s state often took precedence over loyalty to one’s country. The Union was considered a â€Å"voluntary compact entered into by independent, sovereign states† for as long as it served their purpose to be so joined (Encarta). Neither the North nor South had any strong sense permanence of the Union. As patterns of living diverged between North and South, their political ideas also developed marked differences. The NorthRead MoreThe Battle Of Gettysburg During The Civil War847 Words   |  4 PagesFamily from Kentucky. Even President Lincoln’s wife had members of her family that fought on opposing sides. This is the perfect example of people fighting for their own cause not just because there was a line drawn on a map. Before the Battle of Gettysburg even started many soldiers had fought side by side in multiple battles as US Soldiers, where many friendships were born. Once the Confederacy was established in 1861 many soldiers began to choose sides based on where they were from. SouthernersRead MoreThe Civil War : The Greatest And Most Catastrophic War Essay1275 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, those results came at the value of many lives.Nearly 625,000 American soldiers lives were lost in all the wars combined. The Civil War was the greatest and most catastrophic battle in the Western world. It was caused because of stubborn differences between free and slave states over the government on whether or not to prohibit slavery amongst territories that were not yet states. Once President Abraham Lincoln was elected and pledged to prevent slavery in those territories , seven slave statesRead MoreThe Killer Angels By Michael Shaara1521 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel about the time of the American Civil War, more specifically The Battle of Gettysburg. Shaara wrote this historical masterpiece with the sole purpose of letting the reader know exactly how the war was for the men actually putting their lives on the line to get this great country of America to the stature it is today. In order to accomplish his goal of creating the ultimate historic journal of The Battle of Gettysburg, he went straight to the source. He went back and retrieved letters and documentsRead More Gods and Generals Essay examples901 Words   |  4 PagesGods and Generals The American Civil War was a military conflict between the United States of America (the Union), and 11 secessionist Southern states, organized as the Confederate States of America (the Confederacy). It was the culmination of four decades of intense sectional conflict and it reflected deep-seated economic, social, and political differences between the North and the South. Many books have been written on this â€Å"first modern war† describing how over 620,000 men were killed.

Essay on The Many Hats I Have Worn - 1580 Words

How does one define themselves? Do you define yourself by nationality, occupation, and race or perhaps by your family ties? Everyone has multiple facets and to define oneself by just any one of these is to do an injustice unto yourself. The â€Å"hats† you wear define who you are and, at times, you may wear one hat or several hats depending on the situation and surroundings. In forty-five years, I have worn numerous hats, many of them worn briefly and then set aside on the shelf. The experiences gained through them become an integrated and permanent part of me, contributing to who I have become and of whom I will be in the future. Therefore, I must acknowledge all of these hats, for without them, I would be a very different person.†¦show more content†¦These are lessons we continue to draw on and reflect on throughout our daily lives. Brother or sister is another major hat many people wear. This is an intricate tie to another human being, unlike any other. They can be a confidant or your polar opposite, yet they remain your brother or sister. Normally, you grow up with and grow along side this person. They are the one you argue with the most and tell your deepest secrets too, they know you better than anyone else does. There may be times when you do not communicate with them for years, for one reason or another. However, when you do speak with them, it is as if no time had passed between you and you slip your brother or sister hat back on like an old friend. I am a little brother to one sister and a big brother to another. I am their protector, their friend and the one they tease at times. They both play a large part in my life, as I do in theirs. We have helped each other become who we are. I am closest to my younger sister, for no particular reason. In her eyes, I am her hero and she looks up to me. Knowing this, I endeavor to set a good example and be worthy of her admiration. On the other hand, my older sister and I have a different relationship, more antagonistic. We do get along and care about each other very much. However, there are times when we see things from different perspectives and we have no difficulty expressing them to each other. SheShow MoreRelatedFashion During the Elizabethan Era Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pages Have you ever wondered what people in the Elizabethan Era wore? Fashion was just as important in those days as it is to some people today. What people were wearing mattered to others, and even the government. During the Elizabethan Era clothing, accessories, and cosmetics were all a part of daily life. During the Elizabethan Era, there were a set of rules controlling which classes could wear which clothing called the Sumptuary Laws. The Sumptuary Laws controlled the colors and types of clothingRead MoreStyles Of Fashion1732 Words   |  7 Pagesshirt that many women wear today. The dresses worn by women were of long, sheer fabric with either a V-neck in the front or V-shape in the back with a fabric lip, resembling what one might see at a red carpet event today. Woman would also wear thin stockings or paint on their legs to resemble the stockings, resembling tights or pantyhose worn today, and high heels that were black in color with ribbon or accents that may be seen in business professional attire or paired with dresses today. Women’sRead MoreThe Elizabethan Era1461 Words   |  6 Pagesway back long ago there was a time period called â€Å"The Elizabethan era†. It was full of many wonderful things, such as fashion. They had a very particular fashion. The Eli zabethan era was the Queen Elizabeth Is reign which was from 1558–1603. It took place in England. It is also known as the golden age. This also happened to be when Elizabethan Theatre began to grow and playwrights like Shakespeare composed many plays that changed the way of the old style theatre ways. Towards the end of Queen Elizabeth’sRead MoreRevealing Mien Culture Through Artifacts Essay679 Words   |  3 Pages I am Mien American. I am Iu-Mien. This is my culture. The Mien have many names. We have been called (Yao) â€Å"Barbarians† by the Chinese, â€Å"minyua-Choua† by the Hmong, the hill-tribe people by the National Geographic’s investigators, countless other names I cannot digest on this paper. The culture is based off of a patriarchal view, and consists of spiritual awareness, and are led by Shamans who have an archaic ritualistic view of death, marriage, birth, and when someone gets sick. They are also huntersRead MoreThe End Of World War I Enhanced Americans1020 Words   |  5 PagesThe end of World War I enhanced Americans’ confidence in their country as well as in themselves. The 1920s brought about flappers, the Charleston, and a radical turn of the century. During these 10 years, society’s disposition began to change to fit the newer, more youthful movements. The Harlem Renaissance caused an uproar of newfound interest in literature, music, art, and black culture. Jazz music became popular, more black writers such as Zora Neale Hurston came to prominence, and dancers likeRead MoreAfter reading the playwright Anna in the Tropics, I decided to take on the role of being a costume600 Words   |  3 Pages After reading the playwright Anna in the Tropics, I decided to take on the role of being a costume designer. Through taking on the position, there were serval obstacles I had to overcome such as the clothing style, character choices, as well as placing the costumes together. One challenge that I faced as a costume designer was of course choosing a style that would show both the time and the characters specific culture. In the play, time was set in the year of 1929. Through the playwright one canRead MoreThe Adjustment Team By Philip K. Dick1028 Words   |  5 Pages I have always believed that everything happens for a reason. Now, I am not saying that I believe that there is a larger plan for everyone’s life. To clarify, I believe that there is no such thing as fate. Alternatively the events that happen throughout an individual s life impacts their future in unknown ways. The film The Adjustment Bureau (George Nolfi, 2011) is based on the short story â€Å"The Adjustment Team†. The story was written by Philip K. Dick in 1966. The film’s described as an actionRead MoreFashion Trends Shaped by Economic Issues Essay984 Words   |  4 Pages As a result of the role of women during the war, many customs and morals were changing. The Stock Market started booming, many new dances and music came about, and women got the right to vote and enter the workforce. There was an uprise in almost every activity, and fashion was definitely one (Tirocchi, Anna and Laura). Although fashion varied throughout the decade, one could notice a drastic change from the prior fashion. There were many factors, like said above, that played into the changesRead MoreFlappers, Conservativism and Changes in Fashion1103 Words   |  4 PagesSince the early twentieth century, there have been many fads and changes in the fashion industry. From cloche hats in the early 1900s, to big hair in the 1980s and to the low rise of jeans of the present day fashion still continues to evolve with the way society changes. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines fashion as, a popular way of dressing at a particular time or among a particular group of people. Throughout history, fashion has been changing. Whether it is a group wanting to make a fashionRead MoreTheme Of The Story A Good Man Is Hard To Find1097 Words   |  5 Pagesworry into consideration. The family eventually comes face to face with the criminal and lose their lives because of it. In â€Å"A Worn Path,† an elderly woman begins a long and tiresome journey in an effort to reach a town to acquire medicine for he r sick grandson. The stories â€Å"A Good Man Is Hard to Find,† written by Flannery O’Connor, and â€Å"A Worn Path,† by Eudora Welty, have distinctly different writing styles that impact the story and how they utilize certain literary devices throughout them. The setting

The Vajra Of Vajrayana Buddhism - 1372 Words

The Vajra in Vajrayana Buddhism As Buddhism developed different schools or sects began to branch out taking the main component of Buddhist belief, called Dharma, but coming up with different ways to practice their own distinct view of Buddhism. Vajrayana Buddhism is of Indian tantric origin but it developed in the â€Å"Himalayan nations of Tibet, Nepal, and Bhutan† because of this many Vajrayana’s tantras, rituals, have woven into Tibetan Buddhism making it difficult to differentiate between the two (â€Å"The Vajrayana †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ). In this paper I will analyze the nineteenth century Tibetan artwork called Vajra Ritual Scepter donated to the Philadelphia Museum of Art and discuss the symbolism behind the vajra as well as the importance of the vajra in Vajrayana Buddhist practices. The artwork I chose to analysis was a Vajra Ritual Scepter that is currently being held by the Philadelphia Museum of Art (â€Å"Vajra Ritual Scepter† See Appendix 1). The Wheeler’s donated this piece to the museum in 1933. The actual artwork has been dated to the nineteenth century from somewhere in Tibet. The artist is unknown but the vajra was constructed of copper alloy with mercury gilding. As a result it is a shiny cool gold color, not quite true gold but not quite a true silver or metallic color. The center is made of a bead of metal where a person can hold the vajra between the tips of their thumb and a finger. From the center the decorative elements are identical on either side, creating a symmetricalShow MoreRelatedVajrayana Buddhism744 Words   |  3 PagesVajrayana Buddhism The Vajrayana approach to Buddhism is just one of a number of Buddhist traditions, and all of the aspects of Buddhism are based on the enlightened teachings of Buddha. Vajrayana Buddhism is based on Tantra which relates to the teachings of Buddha. Vajrayana Buddhism is also known as Tantric Buddhism, based of course on the Tantra (enlighten teachings). According to the Introduction to Vajrayana ( HYPERLINK http://www.vajrayana.com.au www.vajrayana.com.au), vajra is theRead MoreVajrayana Buddhism1221 Words   |  5 PagesVajrayana Buddhism NO NAME REL/133 September 19, 2011 Deborah Wilkinson Vajrayana Buddhism Vajrayana tradition of Buddhism is called the Diamond Vehicle. This third branch of Buddhism teaches that strength, clarity, wisdom, and flashes of light; here Vajrayana allows followers to receive such enlightenment through this vehicle of the lightning bolt. Those who practice this type of Buddhism find its complexities to be quite clear as the encounter truths of Buddha along the way of lifeRead MoreBuddhism During The Heian Period1510 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism During the Heian period (745-1185AD) Buddhism spread throughout Japan and thrived in the imperial court in Heiankyo (Kyoto). There were two sects of Buddhism that were most popular during this time, one was Tendai and the other was Shingon. Both of these sects of Buddhism came from China and were brought over to Japan by two different people. Saicho or Dengyo Daishi brought over Tendai sect (767-822) and Kukai or Kobo Daishi brought over Shingon sect (774-835) known as Esoteric BuddhismRead MoreThe Diamond Buddhist Of Buddhism2133 Words   |  9 Pagesis apparent that not too many Westerners understand how complex Buddhism truly is. Buddhism has various traditions with different perceptions of Buddha’s teachings and rituals. Buddhism is practiced by all different types of people, not just monks or people who reside in the East. The Diamond Buddhist Way Center in Chicago helps display how diverse the Buddhist community is by providing a more western and contemporary style of Buddhism. The center is located at 4722 N Malden St, Chicago, IL 60640.Read MoreBuddhism And Its Of Assam3165 Words   |  13 PagesBUDDHISM AND ITS PREVALANCE IN ASSAM INTRODUCTION Buddhism, it is a nontheistic religion which can be found in almost all over the world. It has its origin in ancient India. It is very difficult to cover this entire large topic. In this assignment I have made effort to bring forth certain basic information on the religion Buddhism . The main agenda of this assignment is to give certain knowledge about the prevalence of Buddhism and Buddhist culture in Assam from an ancient time and its presentRead MoreWorld Religion5936 Words   |  24 PagesName________________________ Class Hour_______ CHAPTER 4-BUDDHISM STUDY QUESTIONS (Pages 125-148) Group A 1. Describe the social context of India in Siddhartha Gautama’s day. Give a brief outline of the Buddha’s life according to the legends. 2. What were the two most important questions about existence on which the Buddha concentrated? 3. Explain the dimensions of change that the Buddha saw in the world. 4. Discuss the meaning and scope of suffering in Buddhism. Explain in your own words the phrase â€Å"to live

Clara Hale Essay Research Paper Black History free essay sample

Clara Hale Essay, Research Paper Black History Month is a great clip to observe out history, accomplishments, and achievements. February should non be the lone clip but it is surely a good clip to get down. Many inkinesss have done extraordinary things. I admired Clara McBride Hale. She works with crack-addicted and HIV-positive babes. Clara McBride Hale was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina. She has suffered tonss in her life-time. She became an orphan at 16, and a widow at the age of 27. She merely had her kids, and she kept them near. She? adopted? a 3rd kid, and raised him as her ain. She became dearly known as Mother Hale to all in the vicinity. She began remaining at place and lovingness for the vicinity childs bear downing merely $ 2 per hebdomad. She subsequently became a accredited Foster parent. Hale House was started when Clara? s girl, Lorraine noticed a crack-addict female parent with a neonate. We will write a custom essay sample on Clara Hale Essay Research Paper Black History or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She directed her to her female parent? s house, and this babe was the first of 1000s of childre N to harvest the love, support, devotedness, and attention from the weaponries of Mother Hale. Hale House is America? s foremost and best known kid attention bureau to derive world-wide acknowledgment when Ronald Reagan introduced Mother Hale as he gave his 1986 State of Union Address. She was called an American hero, and was appointed to the National Drug-Free America Task Force. Many of the kids come to Hale House from prisons, constabulary Stationss and infirmaries. They get their support largely from private contributions and times do acquire really unsmooth. Hale House is still in operation today. It has become a national function theoretical account for kids without households. It is a great topographic point to maintain these kids to maintain them out of back streets, refuse tins, and many topographic points where female parents abandon their newborn kids. Sadly, Mother Hale passed off in 1993. In her award, a lifesize statue was built for her in Harlem. Her dream and devotedness lives on in the lives of the kids she has helped raise and the many that will go on to profit from Hale House.

Nature †Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example Essay Example

Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example Paper Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Introduction Nature – Nurture in Human Developmental Psychology Nature – Nurture in Human Developmental Psychology Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Body Paragraphs The nature versus nurture controversy is concerned with the comparative significance of an individual’s instinctive features (innatism) against individual experiences (nurture) in establishing or triggering individual dissimilarities in behavioral and physical attributes. The argument as to whether human beings obtain their behavioral characteristics from an inborn source or they are developed from the effects of the environment in which humans live, is not a simple matter. Both of these factors interactively contribute towards shaping the behavior of an individual. A key element in understanding this issue is first understanding the definitions of the terms nature and nurture. The nature aspect of this argument stresses on the extent to which an individual portrays biological predispositions. Conversely, nurture stresses on how much of an individual shows signs of being affected by environmental factors. In reality, a combination of the environment and the genes affects a per son’s development. A good illustration is a person inherits genes for being tall but because of poor nurturing, end up short or average height. Several considerations are present when considering the impasse that exists between nature and nurture such as moral considerations, personality misinterpretations and other complications. The analysis of these considerations will form the next section. There are consequences when taking either side in the debate on nature versus nurture. In arguing when inclined toward nature, most of the arguments are inclined towards scientific explanations. Scientists have placed a great amount of emphasis on racism as a major factor in the analysis of nature. They argue that the race of an individual, which is inherited, plays a crucial role in determining the nature of an individual (Stiles, 2008). Using this argument, scientists propose that the heredity of an individual is the only influencing factor in their nature. Arguing from this point of view is flawed because while heredity is a natural phenomenon, it cannot be said to be the only factor influencing an individual’s behavior. This is because while an individual will inherit certain behaviors from their biological parents, the environment in which they live or grow up will either accentuate or repress their inherent behavior. Scientists acknowledge this contribution by environmental factors but downplay it as being insignificant in a person’s life. In other words, despite the environment and experiences that an individual may encounter, their innate nature ultimately determines their behavior. This line of argument that is inclined towards nature is also flawed in that it crosses the gap between what is fact and what is ideal. By doing so, proponents of nature over nurture wrongly employ values to facts. The continuous subscription to this line of thinking ultimately convinces people that biological stereotypes and behaviors are part of human nature ma king for flawed reasoning. One of the methods of proving this phenomenon is through the IATs tests that illustrated that, despite the broad significance of stereotypes, they influence the decisions and conduct of al people equally (Stiles, 2008). Most scientists reach their conclusions on the nature and nurture issue by assessing the behavior of identical twins. These studies sets have provided a wealth of information on nature versus nurture. Scientists can assess how these subjects behave in different settings, behavior that was strikingly similar and any other elements that can assist in providing knowledge. The Springer and Lewis twins are the best examples of twins that have contributed tremendously in showing the influences of nurture and nature. The argument between nurture and nature could affect the human race in several ways. One of the contributions includes its influence on the health sector. Using conclusions from such studies on nature versus nurture, scientists can di scover new methods of treating critical diseases such as cancer. Solutions to such issues can be discovered using explanations on nature and nurture. From the information currently known by scientists, it can be said that these critical diseases are because of imbalanced nature and nurture and that by closely controlling the nurturing aspect while, at the infant stages, the occurrences of these diseases can be significantly reduced. Such studies could hold an extremely valuable potential for health and man’s lifespan (Lerner, 2002). Nurture over Nature Nurture is equally important in influencing human behavior by influencing the hormones, actions and condition of human beings. Numerous positive and negative environmental inputs influence how an individual will eventually turn out in the future. These factors include nutrition, health, education and other elements that are central in most people’s lives. Several studies on the effect of nurturing on intelligence and hea lth have revealed that it is highly significant in determining how the amounts of these two in different individuals (Clarsk Grunstein, 2010). While not discrediting that natural tendencies are highly significant factors, proponents of the nurture theory assume that these natural factors are non-influential. Conversely, they argue that the behavioral aspects among human beings come from the environmental factors during life experiences. Psychologists such as John Watson have conducted numerous investigations on children that yielded conclusions supporting the supremacy of nurture over nature. He is credited with the famous statement that proposed to bring up children in whatever way he wanted by influencing their environment and upbringing. Nurture theorists propose that an individual’s society is influenced largely by the manner in which they were reared and the environment they were exposed (Lerner, 2002). Nurture as understood by John B. Watson’s in his theory of b ehaviorism argued that human behavior was learned as opposed to being inborn. Humans teach themselves new things by observing and copying other people in their environment. Through these social relations, people construct their diverse characters and behavioral trends. Without social relations, characters usually fail to develop, and distinctive behavior is negligible. Social experiences and interactions build up over several periods and shape the behavior of people to act in certain ways. For instance, studies demonstrate that children who have guardians that take drugs also end up taking the same drugs themselves. Such children picked up and replicated the act of taking drugs from their guardians and through their peers and other means, learnt to accept that it was socially acceptable to take drugs (Witkowski, Inglis Davenport, 2008). A study done by North Carolina State University revealed that environmental factors, for example, lifestyle and locations play a large function whe n specific genes are assumed non-influential. The study analyzed a fixed population of Moroccans who provided results that proved that their environment influenced their behavior. Urban dwellers were found to have increasingly developed respiratory genes because of the congested, polluted air in the cities when compared to rural dwellers. Urban dwellers were also more conscious of polluting the air and engaged in several activities to reduce pollution. This was a classical example of how life in the city changed the behavior of city dwellers even though naturally they were born in a different way. The nurture theory asserts that hereditary influence over conceptual features may be present; however, the ecological factors are the real genesis of individual’s conduct. This includes using conditioning tactics in order to encourage different behaviors in human beings, or change an improbable behavior being displayed by the individual (Witkowski et al, 2008). Conclusion In my opin ion, neither nature nor nurture holds supremacy in determining the behavior of an individual. Nature is significant in an individual’s life because all human beings are born with certain traits within their genes. These traits are inborn and cannot be altered through any man made techniques. Conversely, nurturing introduces artificial behaviors and choices to people by exposing them to different environments. This exposure under different parentage, locations and conditions, teach people behave differently than they would otherwise have behaved. Nurturing in human beings affects many factors such as the intelligence levels and can sometimes override the inborn (natural) traits in an individual. However, despite compelling arguments from both parties, it is evident that neither nature nor nurture alone can satisfactorily influence an individuals’ behavior. Both nature and nurture combine to influence how an individual behaves (Lippa, 2005). The motive for taking such a stand is derived from the evidence provided by several behavioral scientists, and other scholars who have done research on the role of nurture and nature on an individual. Scholars such as John Watson who came up with behavioral theories have proved that even though nature or nurture may offer compelling evidence of its superiority, both of them play equally significant roles in shaping the lives of an individual. References Clark, W. R., Grunstein, M. (2010). Are we hardwired? The role of genes in human behavior. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum. Lippa, R. A. (2005). Gender, nature, and nurture. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Stiles, J. (2008). The fundamentals of brain development: Integrating nature and nurture. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Witkowski, J. A., Inglis, J. R., Davenport, C. B. (2008). Davenport‘s dream: 21st century reflections on heredity and eugenics. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. We will write a custom essay sample on Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nature – Nurture in human developmental psychology Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

The Insect Index - Sorted by Scientific Names

The Insect Index - Sorted by Scientific Names Sort by: Common Names | Scientific Names Read more about these insects and non-insect arthropods! The following insect and other arthropod profiles are now available on the About.com Guide to Insects: Class Arachnida Orders Acari (mites and ticks)Araneae (spiders)Opiliones (daddy longlegs)Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions)Scorpiones (scorpions)Solifugae (windscorpions) Suborders Ixodida (ticks) Families Araneidae (orb weavers)Lycosidae (wolf spiders)Oxyopidae (lynx spiders)Pholcidae (cellar spiders)Pisauridae (nursery web and fishing spiders)Salticidae (jumping spiders)Theraphosidae (tarantulas)Theridiidae (cobweb spiders) Genera Latrodectus (widow spiders) Species Aurantia argiope (black and yellow garden spider)Ixodes scapularis (blacklegged tick)Loxosceles reclusa (brown recluse spider)Tegenaria agrestis (hobo spider) Class Chilopoda Class Diplopoda Subphylum Trilobita Class Insecta Subclasses Apterygota (wingless insects)Pterygota (winged insects) Orders Blattodea (cockroaches)Cerambycidae (long-horned beetles)Coleoptera (beetles)Collembola (springtails)Dermaptera (earwigs)Diptera (true flies)Dictyoptera (roaches and mantids)Embiidina (webspinners)Ephemeroptera (mayflies)Grylloblattodea (rock crawlers)Hemiptera (true bugs)Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps)Isoptera (termites)Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)Mantophasmatodea (gladiators)Mecoptera (scorpionflies and hangingflies)Microcoryphia (jumping bristletails)Neuroptera (nerve-winged insects)Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies)Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets, and katydids)Phasmida (leaf and stick insects)Plecoptera (stoneflies)Psocoptera (barklice and booklice)Siphonaptera (fleas)Thysanoptera (thrips)Thysanura (silverfish and firebrats)Trichoptera (caddisflies)Zoraptera (angel insects) Suborders Anisoptera (dragonflies)Ixodida (ticks)Mantodea (praying mantises)Raphidioptera (snakeflies) Families Acrididae (grasshoppers)Aeshnidae (darners)Aphididae (aphids)Belostomatidae (giant water bugs)Braconidae (braconid wasps)Carabidae (ground beetles)Chrysomelidae (leaf and seed beetles)Chrysopidae (common lacewings)Coccinellidae (ladybugs)Coreidae (leaf-footed bugs)Culicidae (mosquitoes)Cynipidae (gall wasps)Dermestidae (dermestid beetles)Elateridae (click beetles)Formicidae (ants)Geometridae (geometer moths, inchworms, and loopers)Gryllidae (true crickets)Hesperiidae (skippers)Lampyridae (fireflies)Libellulidae (skimmers)Lucinidae (stag beetles)Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged butterflies)Miridae (plant bugs)Nepidae (water scorpions)Noctuidae (owlet moths)Notodontidae (prominent moths)Notonectidae (backswimmers)Nymphalidae (brush-footed butterflies)Papilionidae (swallowtails and parnassians)Passalidae (bess beetles)Pentatomidae (stink bugs)Pieridae (whites, orange-tips, sulphurs, and yellows)Reduviidae (assassin bugs)Riodinidae (metalmark butterflies)Saturniidae (giant silkworm and royal moths)Scarabaeidae (scarab beetles)Sesiidae (clearwing moths)Silphidae (carrion beetles)Sphingidae (sphinx moths)Staphylinidae (rove beetles)Stenopelmatidae (Jerusalem crickets)Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles)Tettigoniidae (katydids)Tipulidae (large crane flies) Subfamilies Arctiinae (tiger moths)Dynastinae (rhinoceros beetles)Scarabaeinae (dung beetles and tumblebugs) Genera Bombus (bumblebees)Camponotus (carpenter ants)Magicicada (periodical cicadas)Pepsis (tarantula hawks)Xylocopa (carpenter bees) Species Actias luna (luna moth)(hemlock woolly adelgid)Agrilus planipennis (emerald ash borer)Anoplophora glabripennis (Asian longhorned beetle)Apis mellifera (honey bee)Boisea trivittatus (box elder bug)Cimex lectularius (bed bug)Danaus plexippus (monarch butterfly)Epargyreus clarus (silver-spotted skipper)Halyomorpha halys (brown marmorated stink bug)Harmonia axyridis (Asian multicolored lady beetle)(cecropia moth)Hyphantria cunea (fall webworm)Lymantria dispar (gypsy moth)Malacosoma americanum (eastern tent caterpillars)Osmia lignaria (blue orchard bees)Papilio polyxenes (black swallowtail)Popillia japonica (Japanese beetles)Scutigera coleoptrata (house centipedes)Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (bagworm)​Vanessa cardui (painted lady)

Week9dq Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Week9dq - Essay Example ogramme, concludes by stating that â€Å"as researchers we must examine the effects of our lives and thoughts on the knowledge that we seek to capture and use† (p 185). This seems to me to be a statement which is both valid and important. In 2007 Buchanan and Bryman pointed to the way organizational research is changing with new trends emerging. They argue modern research methods tend towards both diversity and creativity in their techniques and approaches. However the choices made are also dependent upon the various â€Å"organizational, historical, political, ethical, evidential and personal factors† (p.483).All of such factors are relevant to the research being planned within an contemplated within the organization context in which it is carried out. For ‘insiders’ (Brannick and Coghlan, 2007), working at management level, some things such as obtaining permission to carry out research with in the organization and other factors such as having primary access and gatekeeper issues, are much less problematic than it would perhaps be for external researchers. Despite this there could be disadvantages due to â€Å"partisan conclusion† Johnson and Duberley 2003), and is a factor to be aware of, and epistemic reflexivity is necessary to that process. Buchanan and Bryman (2007), argue that :- The authors show how in such cases the final ultimate decision about research may have to encroach on the type of evidence required to make an impact upon practice. Despite this they emphasise reflection when choices of research methods are made Within the Week 9 reading several reflexivity models are presented. There are however differences between theories held by positivists and those who hold to post-modern theory. The first assumes objectivity, a sense of neutrality and detachment and on the part of the researcher so that who the researchers are makes no difference who is doing the research into this reality. There is however a newer theory which argues

Examine the relative role of institutions in the rise of Europe Essay

Examine the relative role of institutions in the rise of Europe - Essay Example These formal institutions include such diverse tools as constitutions, laws and property rights. Institutions have always been created by human beings throughout history to create order in their various societies and reduce uncertainty in trade. Taken together with the standard constraints imposed by economic logic, institutions define the set of available choices in economic interactions. This has an effect of directly influencing economic behaviour and hence, economic outcomes in any given society (Acemoglu, Johnson, & Robinson, 2005). Institutions evolve incrementally over time meaning that the economic history of any society has to be comprehended in the context of the evolution of its institutions. The fundamental role played by institutions is that they provide the incentive structure for the given economy. As such, the direction of evolution of this structure in time determines the direction of movement of an economy whether towards growth, stagnation or decline (North 1991). A constantly evolving system of organisation and exchange in medieval Europe’s long-distance trade between the 11th and the 16th centuries eventually led to the rise of Europe as the dominant world power (North, 1991). The first significant institutional change was the innovation of systems and tools that lowered transaction costs in exchange. The transaction cost of any exchange is defined as the cost, other than the cost of the product or service being exchanged; that is incurred in executing the transaction. This cost consists of various components such as the cost incurred in the search for information about the sellers and their product, the cost of negotiating and closing down on the contract, the cost of enforcing the contract, etc. (North 1991) The organisational changes, tools and various techniques of exchange that lowered transaction costs for medieval Europe’s long-distance trade included: Among the

Pilot Fatigue in Aviation Essay Example for Free

Pilot Fatigue in Aviation Essay Aviation transport is said to be the safest transportation method by man but is challenged by incidents and accidents that resulted to tragic loss of lives and damage to properties. One very important reason that is being looked upon by aviation and concerned authorities like the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) is of man’s physiological limitation which is fatigue. Pilot fatigue is highly blamed in most aviation accidents over the years. The risk of accident is said to be high if the pilot is deprived of sleep. Sleep is a vital physiological function, and obtaining even one hour less than required can increase waking sleepiness (Air Line Pilot, November 1994, page 22). Sleep loss can be acute and if continued over time may result in a cumulative sleep debt. Cumulative sleep loss and disruption of 24-hour biological, or circadian rhythms can lead to decreased waking alertness, impaired performance, and altered mood. Fatigue is the symptom often reported to characterize the sum of these negative experiences. Sleep-deprived personnel lose approximately 25% to 30% of their ability to perform useful mental work with each 24-hour period of sleep loss (Johnston III, S. L. , 2005). In fact, a 2003 study on the impact of fatigue on F-117 pilots revealed that 27-33 hours of sleep deprivation (1 night of sleep loss) degrade basic piloting skills by more than 40% below normal (Johnston III, S. L, 2005). For this reason, NASA and FAA has collaborated to do research programs on this safety concern. The NASA Ames Fatigue/Jet Lag Program (now the Fatigue Countermeasures Program) was jointly funded by the FAAs Human Factors Research Program for many years (Mann, M. B. , www. hq. nasa. gov). The results of its research have determined that fatigue is really needed to be addressed to maintain the safety of aviation personnel to prevent loss of lives and properties. How to address then fatigue as a safety concern? It is unfortunate that there is no one simple solution because fatigue has multitudes of causes. For NASA’s Fatigue Countermeasures Program, the approach is said to be multi-faceted and comprehensive yet must be an integrated approach. Accordingly, it should have at least the following components: education and training, hours of service, sound scheduling practices, effective countermeasures, incorporation of appropriate design and technologies, and research (Mann, M. B. , www. hq. nasa. gov). Education and Training. Education establishes the knowledge base for the successful acceptance of all other activities. In 1994, NASA has developed an education and training module on alertness management in flight operation. This module was in use by already at least 149 organizations reaching more than 116,000 crewmembers in 1998 (Mann, M. B. , www. hq. nasa. gov). Hours of Service. Principles and guidelines for duty and rest scheduling must be developed. The latest scientific research on fatigue must be incorporated and reflected to these guidelines and principles as needed. Sound Scheduling Practices. Sound scheduling practices should include scientific information about sleep, fatigue, and circadian rhythms, in addition to other factors, in creating and evaluating flight crew schedules. Countermeasures. An integrated approach calls for making full use of personal, corporate, and even regulatory countermeasure strategies. These strategies can be implemented preventively, using them before duty and on layovers to reduce the effects of fatigue, sleep loss, and circadian disruption during flight operations. As per study by the Fatigue Countermeasures Program, Flight crews receiving brief hourly activity breaks (involving mild physical activity and social interaction) showed improved physiological alertness for at least 15 minutes relative to a control group, while reporting significantly greater alertness for up to 25 minutes post-break. Design and Technology. The aviation industry must tap advances in design and technology to address this safety concern of fatigue. It is said that technology has changed or evolved dramatically over the past decades but man’s need for sleep did not. Good system design incorporates information about human physiology, its limitations and strengths, early in the process. Technological approaches that use this information can take many forms, including flight crew scheduling algorithms (i. e. , the methodology of choosing flight crews) and alertness monitoring/management systems (Mann, M. B. , www. hq. nasa. gov). . Research. Continues research on this area of concern must be done. More research is needed to fully understand the capabilities and limitations of the human sleep and circadian systems. With the advent of technological devices claiming to detect fatigue, a focused research is needed to ascertain the sensitivity, the reliability and the validity of these devices. Continued research is also essential to address regulatory, scheduling, and countermeasure questions. It has been said that decision making and policy is guided by a valid and empirical data obtained through research (Mann, M. B. , www. hq. nasa. gov). Pilot fatigue then in aviation, if not completely eliminated, is greatly reduced to obtain peak performance of pilots by integrating the above suggested components. With peak performance of pilots, safety in aviation is greatly improved. . References Air Line Pilot, November 1994, Fatigue in Aviation, page 22, by the Flight Management and Human Factors Division, NASA Ames Research Center. Retrieved June 9, 2009, http://cf. alpa. org/internet/projects/ftdt/alpmag/FATIGUE. html Johnston III, S. L. Societal and Workplace Consequences of Insomnia, Sleepiness, and Fatigue. (Sept. 29, 2005). Retrieved June 9, 2009. http://cme. medscape. com/viewarticle/513572_print Mann, M. B. , â€Å"Hearing on Pilot Fatigue†. Retrieved June 9, 2009 http://www. hq. nasa. gov/office/legaff/mann8-3. html

Communication Devices :: essays research papers

Recently, while enjoying a sunny afternoon with some friends, a few baby boomers I know were relating some experiences that seem quite pertinent to the subject of how communication is or will change. Young Aaron, the son of a guest, was at a loss when told to call home. It seems our young guest had never had to use a rotary telephone. Confronted with this icon of past technology, Aaron went away with a new experience to relate. Another guest, upon hearing of Aaron's plight, related a similar experience. It seems that Diane had given her son a watch for Christmas. It seems that this wristwatch, complete with hands and a face was foreign to this young child who has had the time electronically flashed at him in numeric form for all of his life, without need of knowing how to tell time conventionally. So it seems in this day and age, that the old continues to be replaced by the newer and faster technology. We in turn are caused to learn newer and faster ways of dealing with these new technologies. Technology grows exponentially, meaning that the more it grows the faster it grows, yet in dealing with this technology we can in turn learn how to decrease our work time while increasing our productivity. We have definitely come a long way from the pony express and telegraph, yet it is not so long ago that we do not still use their predecessors, surface mail and telephones. With current technological advancements it is now possible to communicate across the planet instantaneously, thanks to wide-band technology, fiber optics, and satellites all of which make possible this possible. With the invention of the printing press by Gutenburg in 1434, and subsequently the first book in print, he can be credited as the father of the information age. Accompanying the birth of the information age came an explosion of new technological advances designed to improve how we communicate. These advancement have had many glitches and shortcomings which have been improved upon again and again. in the years since, yet they were always time consuming, Overcoming these time constraints has been the goal of assorted scientists and inventors. Painstakingly they moved forward with limited progress until the twentieth century. With the birth of the twentieth century we see a drastic increase in advancements, which have grown by leaps and

Pavlov vis-à-vis Piaget Essay

Looking at the history, many names flourished in the area of psychology in the desire to learn about man and behavior.   These names have contributions that are of significance even to the present-day studies in the field of psychology. This paper deals with two of the notable names in this realm – Ivan Pavlov and Jean Piaget. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian psychologist, physician, and physiologist. He had substantial contributions to the various fields of neurology and physiology. His researches were mostly focused on conditioning, temperament and involuntary reflex actions. He bagged the 1904 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine for his researchers and experiments on digestion which became the foundation of a more extensive research on the digestive system. In his work on involuntary reactions to stress and pain, he broadened the description of the four temperament types: phlegmatic, choleric, sanguine, and melancholic. The study of TMI or transmarginal inhibition was also started by Pavlov and his researchers. TMI is the body’s instinctive reaction of shutting down when exposed to overwhelming stress or pain. Of his contributions, Pavlov is widely recognized for his demonstration of classical conditioning or Pavlovian conditioning. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning started while he was working on his study of the digestive process in dogs. He observed that the dogs salivated before they received their food. Even just at the sight of the lab attendant, the dogs salivated. He called this phenomenon ‘psychic secretion.’ He made an experiment on this and used a bell and meat powder. He hit the bell and followed the ring with the meat powder. At the onset, only the meat powder made the dog salivate, but after repeating the practice, the ring of the bell made the dog salivate. Even when the meat powder was eliminated, the dog continued to salivate at the ring of the bell. In this theory, a living being learns to correlate one stimulus with one another. It is learned that the first stimulus is an indicator for the second stimulus. In the above experiment, the ring of the bell cued the dog that food might be coming. The following are the key concepts of Classical Conditioning:  · Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) – a stimulus that can already elicits a response, like the food in the experiment.  · Unconditioned Response (UR) – response that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus, like the salivation of the dog in the experiment.  · Conditioned Stimulus (CS) – a new and neutral stimulus that when matched up with a UCS elicits a similar response, like the bell in the experiment.  · Condition Response (CR) – the learned response when the neutral CS is paired with the UCS, like the salivation of the dog to the ring of the bell after repeated pairing of it with the food. (www.niu.edu) Although many evaluators criticize Pavlov’s theory as being tested only to animals, classical conditioning can actually be observed to a person’s behavior, even without the purpose. A person who experienced a traumatic vehicular accident would be frantic about the sound of screeching tires even at a normal situation. That person’s mind was condition that screeching tires mean accident. Jean Piaget was a biologist who was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland in 1896. He originally was studying mollusks but shifted to the study of developmental psychology and human intelligence from which he became a significant experimenter and theorist. At the age of 10 he published his first paper and at the young age of 22 he received his Ph.D. in science from the University of Neuchatel. Although he was technically a biologist and a philosopher, he regarded himself as a â€Å"genetic epistemologist.’ His interest was mainly focused on how an individual comes to know things. The thought process that lies beneath reasoning was his interest, particularly in the development of thinking.   Piaget believed that children have different way in responding compared to adults because of the difference in reasoning.   He started observing children of various ages and began working on his theory on the process of cognitive development. According to his theory, the development of children’s thinking is not a smooth process.   Before children learn new areas and abilities, there are particular stages at which it â€Å"takes off† and move to those new learning. These transitions transpire at about 18 months, 7 years and 11 or 12 years. Piaget’s key ideas include: schema, assimilation, accommodation, adaptation, egocentrism, and equilibrium. Schema are the set of sensori-motor skills which dictate the manner in which an infant discover his environment resulting to gaining more information of the world and more complicated exploratory skills.   These are the â€Å"representation in the mind of a set of perceptions, ideas, and/or actions, which go together.† (www.learningandteaching.info) Assimilation is â€Å"the process by which a person takes material into their mind from the environment, which may mean changing the evidence of their senses to make it fit.† (www.learningandteaching.info) Accommodation is â€Å"the difference made to one’s mind or concepts by the process of assimilation.† (www.learningandteaching.info) Adaptation is â€Å"learning† in layman’s term. Piaget believed that adaptation or learning is a biological process from which the two sides are assimilation and accommodation. Egocentrism is a part of the early stage of psychological development. It is a â€Å"belief that you are the center of the universe and everything revolves around you: the corresponding inability to see the world as someone else does and adapt to it.† (www.learningandteaching.info) According to his theory, there are four stages of cognitive development: sensori-motor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. The first stage, sensori-motor stage, lasts from birth to about 2 years of age. In this stage, the infant makes use of his motor abilities and senses to grasp his environment. During the end of this stage, the infant develops more complicated combinations of his sensori-motor skills. The second stage, pre-operational stage, lasts from about 2 until about seven years old. Because of the child’s new abilities, this is a short step to symbol usage. The child now has a clear idea of past and future. This is the stage, though, that a child is egocentric, seeing things only from his point of view. The third stage, concrete operational, lasts from about 7 to about 11. Aside from the representational use of symbols, a child already has the ability to manipulate those symbols sensibly in the context of tangible situations. In this stage is also where a child develops the skill to conserve length, number and liquid volume. The fourth stage, formal operations stage, takes place from about 12 and up. This is the stage where a child develops hypothetical thinking, or the use of logical operations in the abstract, instead of the concrete. Both of these theories talk about learning. Basically, Pavlov and Piaget believe that learning can be directly influenced by the stimuli found in the environment of an individual. Both of them also imply that an individual has an innate and natural response to a stimulus, the unconditioned response (UR) for Pavlov and the schema for Piaget. What differs one from another is the processes and methods of how an individual learns. In Pavlov’s theory, a new learning is acquired through mind conditioning. A normal response of an individual to a normal stimulus can be altered through introduction of another stimulus from which the normal stimulus can be associated to, like what transpire to his experiment with the dog. In Piaget’s theory, on the other hand, learning can also be acquired through exposure to the environment, but at a certain stage, especially to children. A child, for example, won’t have an idea of what is past and future until he reaches the age of around 2, which is called the pre-operational stage. Piaget’s theory implies that the extent of a child’s learning is restricted to the stage or the age of the child. During the early stage of a child, he is said to be egocentric. Having this characteristic, a child’s health and physical condition is put at risk. The schema of grab and thrust is applied by a child to any object, oblivious of any harm that it may cause. He may be used to grabbing his rattle and thrusting it in his mouth, but once he came across a new object, he may use this schema to it, like a small animal or a pointed thing. These two theories are bases of more comprehensive studies of human behavior. Both of them are true in the sense that they can be observed and applied. It is proper to say that these theories are two of the most significant concepts in the world of psychology.

The latter part of the 19th century (1870-1900) is...

The latter part of the 19th century (1870-1900) is generally viewed as a dark time in American History. Called the â€Å"Gilded Age† this was a time in which increasing wealth was plagued by many problems under the surface. The Gilded Age saw increasing industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and the problems associated with them. Many people during this time period blamed these problems on the government for being â€Å"laissez-faire;† for not taking steps against industry in order to benefit the interests of the people. Although the people were correct in the fact that the government was not taking steps in order to benefit them, the claim that the government during the Gilded Age was laissez-faire is completely false. Through their†¦show more content†¦Thus, through the acquisition of wealth for the wealthy, the poor are able to obtain the necessities of life, and society is advanced. While The Theory of Moral Sentiments deals mainly with the moral ar gument for laissez-faire, The Wealth of Nations justifies the usage of laissez-faire at the national level through economic arguments. In Book 4 of The Wealth of Nations (Of systems of political Economy), Smith argued that government restrictions hindered industrial expansion and thus, harmed the economy in the long run (in earlier books, Smith had equated the growth of industry to the wealth of a nation and its individuals through historical analysis). Specifically, he stated that protectionist tariffs served against the interests of a nation by causing increasing prices of foreign and domestic goods, that export duties harm the economy by diminishing the goods that a company can ship overseas, that trade treaties harm the economy by giving a foreign nation a trade monopoly over an industry (since the other country will only be trading with them for that particular good), and that by restricting theShow MoreRelatedHealthcare Essay18323 Words   |  74 Pagesdifferently from the systems in Europe. American values and the social, political, and economic antecedents on which the US system is based have led to the formation of a unique system of health care delivery, as described in Chapter 1. This chapter discusses how these forces have been instrumental in shaping the current structure of medical services and how they are likely to shape its future. The evolutionary changes discussed here illustrate the American beliefs and values (discussed in ChapterRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesand Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography Allida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Read MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagesunderstanding of organizations. Professor Tomas Mà ¼llern, Jà ¶nkà ¶ping International Business School, Sweden . McAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with